COVID 19, manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas y mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Revisión narrativa de la literatura

Al-Mufti, F., Amuluru, K., Sahni, R., Bekelis, K., Karimi, R., Ogulnick, J., Cooper, J., Over- by, P., Nuoman, R., Tiwari, A., Berekashvi- li, K., Dangayach, N., Liang, J., Gupta, G., Khandelwal, P., Dominguez, J. F., Sursal, T., Kamal, H., Dakay, K., Taylor, B., Gandhi, C. (2021). Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in CO- VID-19: A New York Metropolitan Cohort Study. AJNR. American journal of neurora- diology, 42(7), 1196–1200.

Beyrouti, R., Adams, M. E., Benjamin, L., Cohen, H., Farmer, S. F., Goh, Y. Y., Hum- phries, F., Jäger, H. R., Losseff, N. A., Perry, R. J., Shah, S., Simister, R. J., Turner, D., Chan- dratheva, A., & Werring, D. J. (2020). Charac- teristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19. Journal of neurology, neurosur- gery, and psychiatry, 91(8), 889–891.

Bilaloglu, S., Aphinyanaphongs, Y., Jones, S., Iturrate, E., Hochman, J., & Berger, J. S. (2020). Thrombosis in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in a New York City Health System. JAMA, 324(8), 799–801.

Brooks, S.K., et al., 2020. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet (Lon- don, England) 395, 912–920.

Chen Y., Zhou H., Zhou Y., Zhou F. Preva- lence of self-reported depression and anxie- ty among pediatric medical staff members during the COVID-19 outbreak in Guiyang, China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288.

Cui, J., Li, F., & Shi, Z. L. (2019). Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Natu- re reviews. Microbiology, 17(3), 181–192.

Decavel, P., Petit, C., & Tatu, L. (2020). Tapia syndrome at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: Lower cranial neuropathy following prolonged intubation. Neurology, 95(7), 312–313.

Desforges, M., Le Coupanec, A., Dubeau, P., Bourgouin, A., Lajoie, L., Dubé, M., & Talbot, P. J. (2019). Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Oppor- tunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?. Viruses, 12(1), 14.

Diaz, A. D., & Baweja, R. (2021). The role of neurotropism in psychiatric patients with COVID-19. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 271(2), 385–386.

Fairweather, D., Frisancho-Kiss, S., & Rose, N. R. (2005). Viruses as adjuvants for autoim- munity: evidence from Coxsackievirus-indu- ced myocarditis. Reviews in medical virolo- gy, 15(1), 17–27.

Fernández-Aranda, F., Casas, M., Claes, L., Bryan, D. C., Favaro, A., Granero, R., Gu- diol, C., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Karwautz, A., Le Grange, D., Menchón, J. M., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. (2020). COVID-19 and impli- cations for eating disorders. European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 28(3), 239–245.

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX et al (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N England J Med 382(18):1708–1720.

Guidon, A. C., & Amato, A. A. (2020). CO- VID-19 and neuromuscular disorders. Neu- rology, 94(22), 959–969.

Goh, Y., Beh, D., Makmur, A., Somani, J., & Chan, A. (2020). Pearls & Oy-sters: Facial nerve palsy in COVID-19 infection. Neurolo- gy, 95(8), 364–367.

Goyal, K., Chauhan, P., Chhikara, K., Gupta, P., Singh, M.P., 2020. Fear of COVID 2019: First suicidal case in India !. Asian J. Psychia- tr. 49, 101989.

Gunnell, D., Appleby, L., Arensman, E., Hawton, K., John, A., Kapur, N., Khan, M., O’Connor, R. C., Pirkis, J., & COVID-19 Suicide Prevention Research Collaboration (2020). Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lancet. Psychia- try, 7(6), 468–471.

Hanafi, R., Roger, P. A., Perin, B., Kuchcins- ki, G., Deleval, N., Dallery, F., Michel, D., Hacein-Bey, L., Pruvo, J. P., Outteryck, O., & Constans, J. M. (2020). COVID-19 Neuro- logic Complication with CNS Vasculitis-Like Pattern. AJNR. American journal of neurora- diology, 41(8), 1384–1387.

Hao, F., Tan, W., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Jiang, X., McIntyre, R. S., Tran, B., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Ho, R., Ho, C., & Tam, W. (2020). Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms du- ring COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 100–106.

Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, et al. Neurolo- gic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):2268-2270.

Hong, S., & Banks, W. A. (2015). Role of the immune system in HIV-associated neu- roinflammation and neurocognitive impli- cations. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 45, 1–12.

Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., ... Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, Chi- na. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 497–506.

Huang, Y. H., Jiang, D., & Huang, J. T. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Detected in Cerebrospinal Fluid by PCR in a Case of COVID-19 Encephali- tis. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 149.

Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional sur- vey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112954.

Kong X, Zheng K, Tang M, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxie- ty of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. medRxiv 2020; published online April 5. DOI:10.1101/2020.03.24.20043075 (preprint).

Keddie, S., Pakpoor, J., Mousele, C., Pipis, M., Machado, P. M., Foster, M., Record, C. J., Keh, R., Fehmi, J., Paterson, R. W., Bharam- be, V., Clayton, L. M., Allen, C., Price, O., Wall, J., Kiss-Csenki, A., Rathnasabapathi, D. P., Geraldes, R., Yermakova, T., King-Ro- bson, J., ... Lunn, M. P. (2021). Epidemiolo- gical and cohort study finds no association between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barré syn- drome. Brain : a journal of neurology, 144(2), 682–693.

Kirschenbaum, D., Imbach, L. L., Ulrich, S., Rushing, E. J., Keller, E., Reimann, R. R., Frauenknecht, K., Lichtblau, M., Witt, M., Hummel, T., Steiger, P., Aguzzi, A., & Front- zek, K. (2020). Inflammatory olfactory neuro- pathy in two patients with COVID-19. Lancet (London, England), 396(10245), 166.

Lei, Y., Zhang, J., Schiavon, C. R., He, M., Chen, L., Shen, H., Zhang, Y., Yin, Q., Cho,

Y., Andrade, L., Shadel, G. S., Hepokoski, M., Lei, T., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Yuan, J. X., Mal- hotra, A., Manor, U., Wang, S., Yuan, Z. Y., ... Shyy, J. Y. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregu- lation of ACE 2. Circulation research, 128(9), 1323–1326.

Lechien, J. R., Chiesa-Estomba, C. M., De Sia- ti, D. R., Horoi, M., Le Bon, S. D., Rodriguez, A., Dequanter, D., Blecic, S., El Afia, F., Distin- guin, L., Chekkoury-Idrissi, Y., Hans, S., Del- gado, I. L., Calvo-Henriquez, C., Lavigne, P., Falanga, C., Barillari, M. R., Cammaroto, G., Khalife, M., Leich, P., ... Saussez, S. (2020). Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a cli- nical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a mul- ticenter European study. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngo- logical Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 277(8), 2251–2261.

Lin, E., Lantos, J. E., Strauss, S. B., Phillips, C. D., Campion, T. R., Jr, Navi, B. B., Parikh, N. S., Merkler, A. E., Mir, S., Zhang, C., Ka- mel, H., Cusick, M., Goyal, P., & Gupta, A. (2020). Brain Imaging of Patients with CO- VID-19: Findings at an Academic Institution during the Height of the Outbreak in New York City. AJNR. American journal of neuro- radiology, 41(11), 2001–2008.

Liotta, E. M., Batra, A., Clark, J. R., Shlobin, N. A., Hoffman, S. C., Orban, Z. S., & Ko- ralnik, I. J. (2020). Frequent neurologic ma- nifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients. Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 7(11), 2221–2230.

Matschke, J., Lütgehetmann, M., Hagel, C., Sperhake, J. P., Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Mushumba, H., Fitzek, A., Allweiss, L., Dan- dri, M., Dottermusch, M., Heinemann, A., Pfefferle, S., Schwabenland, M., Sumner Ma- gruder, D., Bonn, S., Prinz, M., Gerloff, C., Püschel, K., Krasemann, S., ... Glatzel, M. (2020). Neuropathology of patients with CO- VID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case se- ries. The Lancet. Neurology, 19(11), 919–929.

Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):1-9.

Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, H1h Across Speciali- ty Collaboration UK (2020) COVID-19: consi- der cytokine storm syndromes and immuno- suppression. Lancet 395(10229):1033–1034.

Moriguchi, T., Harii, N., Goto, J., Harada, D., Sugawara, H., Takamino, J., Ueno, M., Sakata, H., Kondo, K., Myose, N., Nakao, A., Takeda, M., Haro, H., Inoue, O., Suzuki- Inoue, K., Kubokawa, K., Ogihara, S., Sasaki, T., Kinouchi, H., Kojin, H., ... Shimada, S. (2020). A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Inter- national journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Socie- ty for Infectious Diseases, 94, 55–58.

Oxley, T. J., Mocco, J., Majidi, S., Kellner, C. P., Shoirah, H., Singh, I. P., De Leacy, R. A., Shigematsu, T., Ladner, T. R., Yaeger, K. A., Skliut, M., Weinberger, J., Dangayach, N. S., Bederson, J. B., Tuhrim, S., & Fifi, J. T. (2020). Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. The New England journal of medicine, 382(20), e60.

Panariello, A., Bassetti, R., Radice, A., Ros- sotti, R., Puoti, M., Corradin, M., Moreno, M., & Percudani, M. (2020). Anti-NMDA re- ceptor encephalitis in a psychiatric Covid-19

patient: A case report. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 179–181.

Paterson, R. W., Brown, R. L., Benjamin, L., Nortley, R., Wiethoff, S., Bharucha, T., Jaya- seelan, D. L., Kumar, G., Raftopoulos, R. E., Zambreanu, L., Vivekanandam, V., Khoo, A., Geraldes, R., Chinthapalli, K., Boyd, E., Tuzlali, H., Price, G., Christofi, G., Morrow, J., McNamara, P., ... Zandi, M. S. (2020). The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurolo- gy: clinical, radiological and laboratory fin- dings. Brain : a journal of neurology, 143(10), 3104–3120.

Pezzini, A., & Padovani, A. (2020). Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of CO- VID-19. Nature reviews. Neurology, 16(11), 636–644.

Politi, L. S., Salsano, E., & Grimaldi, M. (2020). Magnetic Resonance Imaging Alteration of the Brain in a Patient With Coronavirus Di- sease 2019 (COVID-19) and Anosmia. JAMA neurology, 77(8), 1028–1029.

Pun, B. T., Badenes, R., Heras La Calle, G., Orun, O. M., Chen, W., Raman, R., Simpson, B. K., Wilson-Linville, S., Hinojal Olmedillo, B., Vallejo de la Cueva, A., van der Jagt, M., Navarro Casado, R., Leal Sanz, P., Orhun, G., Ferrer Gómez, C., Núñez Vázquez, K., Piñei- ro Otero, P., Taccone, F. S., Gallego Curto, E., Caricato, A., ... COVID-19 Intensive Care International Study Group (2021). Prevalen- ce and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multi- centre cohort study. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine, 9(3), 239–250.

Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020). Psychia- tric and neuropsychiatric presentations as- sociated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7(7), 611–627.

Rothstein, A., Oldridge, O., Schwennesen, H., Do, D., & Cucchiara, B. L. (2020). Acute Cerebrovascular Events in Hospitalized CO- VID-19 Patients. Stroke, 51(9), e219–e222.

Sher L. (2020). The impact of the CO- VID-19 pandemic on suicide rates. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physi- cians, 113(10), 707–712.

Sonderskov, K.M., Dinesen, P.T., Santini, Z.I., Ostergaard, S.D., 2020. The depressive state of Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 1–3.

Sun, Y., Li, Y., Bao, Y., Meng, S., Sun, Y., Schu- mann, G., Kosten, T., Strang, J., Lu, L., & Shi, J. (2020). Brief Report: Increased Addictive Internet and Substance Use Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. The Ame- rican journal on addictions, 29(4), 268–270.

Szekely, Y., Lichter, Y., Taieb, P., Banai, A., Hochstadt, A., Merdler, I., Gal Oz, A., Roths- child, E., Baruch, G., Peri, Y., Arbel, Y., & Topilsky, Y. (2020). Spectrum of Cardiac Manifestations in COVID-19: A Systematic Echocardiographic Study. Circulation, 142(4), 342–353

Taquet, M., Luciano, S., Geddes, J. R., & Ha- rrison, P. J. (2020). Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disor- der: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. The lancet. Psychiatry, S2215-0366(20)30462-4.

Toscano, G., Palmerini, F., Ravaglia, S., Ruiz, L., Invernizzi, P., Cuzzoni, M. G., Franciotta, D., Baldanti, F., Daturi, R., Postorino, P., Ca- vallini, A., & Micieli, G. (2020). Guillain-Barré

Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2. The New England journal of medicine, 382(26), 2574–2576.

Varatharaj, A., Thomas, N., Ellul, M. A., Da- vies, N., Pollak, T. A., Tenorio, E. L., Sultan, M., Easton, A., Breen, G., Zandi, M., Coles, J. P., Manji, H., Al-Shahi Salman, R., Menon, D. K., Nicholson, T. R., Benjamin, L. A., Car- son, A., Smith, C., Turner, M. R., Solomon, T. CoroNerve Study Group (2020). Neurolo- gical and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide sur- veillance study. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7(10), 875–882.

Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). CO- VID-19 pandemic and mental health conse- quences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 89, 531–542.

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C. (2020). A longitu- dinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 40–48.

Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7(3), 228–229.

Xu, H., Liu, M., Cao, J., Li, X., Fan, D., Xia, Y., Lu, X., Li, J., Ju, D., & Zhao, H. (2019). The Dynamic Interplay between the Gut Micro- biota and Autoimmune Diseases. Journal of immunology research, 2019.

Yaghi, S., Ishida, K., Torres, J., Mac Grory, B., Raz, E., Humbert, K., Henninger, N., Tri- vedi, T., Lillemoe, K., Alam, S., Sanger, M., Kim, S., Scher, E., Dehkharghani, S., Wachs, M., Tanweer, O., Volpicelli, F., Bosworth, B., Lord, A., & Frontera, J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and Stroke in a New York Healthcare Sys- tem. Stroke, 51(7), 2002–2011.

Yang L, Wu D, Hou Y, et al. Analysis of psychological state and clinical psychologi- cal intervention model of patients with CO- VID-19. medRxiv 2020; published online March 24.

Yip PS , Cheung YT , Chau PH , Law YW. The impact of epidemic outbreak: the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and suicide among older adults in Hong Kong. Crisis 2010; 31:86–92

Zhao, H., Shen, D., Zhou, H., Liu, J., & Chen, S. (2020). Guillain-Barré syndrome associa- ted with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence?. The Lancet. Neurology, 19(5), 383–384.

Zhou, J., Liu, L., Xue, P., Yang, X., & Tang, X. (2020). Mental Health Response to the CO- VID-19 Outbreak in China. The American journal of psychiatry, 177(7), 574–575.

Zhu, Y., Chen, L., Ji, H., Xi, M., Fang, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). The Risk and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Infections Among Inpatients in Psychiatric Hospitals. Neuros- cience bulletin, 36(3), 299–302.